Did the Colonial mita Cause a Population Collapse? What Current Surnames Reveal in Peru

We present quantitative evidence that the mita introduced by Spanish crown in 1573 caused decimation of native-born male population. The mass baptisms after conquest Peru 1532 resulted assignation surnames for first time. argue past mortality displacement and out-migration were responsible differences observed non-mita districts today. Using a regression discontinuity data from Peruvian Electoral Roll 2011, we find have 47 log points fewer than districts, exclusive to one location.